Shakespeare’s Sonnets
All 154 sonnets were published together in 1609 by a London printer named Thomas Thorpe. His quarto carried a dedication to a mysterious ‘Mr. W.H.’, described as ‘the onlie begetter of these insuing sonnets’. Nobody has conclusively identified W.H.; the two main candidates are Henry Wriothesley (Earl of Southampton) and William Herbert (Earl of Pembroke).
Two sequences run through the collection. Sonnets 1 to 126 address a young man (called the Fair Youth), with roughly sonnets 78 to 86 focused on a rival poet competing for his favour. Sonnets 127 to 154 are addressed to a woman with dark features, known as the Dark Lady.
Every sonnet is 14 lines: three four-line stanzas followed by a rhyming couplet. Shakespeare wrote them in iambic pentameter, 10-syllable lines with a da-DUM stress pattern that pushes speech into rhythm. That closing couplet is where most sonnets pivot, sometimes completing the argument, sometimes undercutting it.
Sonnets 18, 116 and 130
Sonnet 18
‘Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?’ is the best-known of the 154 sonnets. It argues that the beloved surpasses summer’s beauty, then claims the poem itself will make that last forever. The closing couplet (‘So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this and this gives life to thee’) is as much about the poem as about the person being addressed.
Sonnet 116
Sonnet 116 defines love as something that doesn’t change when circumstances change. ‘An ever-fixed mark / That looks on tempests and is never shaken’ borrows from navigation: a fixed star that sailors used to plot their course. It is a fixture of wedding ceremonies; the closing couplet stakes everything on the claim: ‘If this be error and upon me proved, / I never writ, nor no man ever loved.’
Sonnet 130
Sonnet 130 is a deliberate reversal of conventional love poetry. Where typical verse of Shakespeare’s era compared a beloved’s lips to coral and hair to golden wire, this sonnet catalogues every way the Dark Lady falls short of those ideals. The final couplet claims the love is genuine regardless, making the preceding catalogue feel like honesty rather than insult.
All 154 sonnets
- Sonnet 1
- Sonnet 2
- Sonnet 3
- Sonnet 4
- Sonnet 5
- Sonnet 6
- Sonnet 7
- Sonnet 8
- Sonnet 9
- Sonnet 10
- Sonnet 11
- Sonnet 12
- Sonnet 13
- Sonnet 14
- Sonnet 15
- Sonnet 16
- Sonnet 17
- Sonnet 18
- Sonnet 19
- Sonnet 20
- Sonnet 21
- Sonnet 22
- Sonnet 23
- Sonnet 24
- Sonnet 25
- Sonnet 26
- Sonnet 27
- Sonnet 28
- Sonnet 29
- Sonnet 30
- Sonnet 31
- Sonnet 32
- Sonnet 33
- Sonnet 34
- Sonnet 35
- Sonnet 36
- Sonnet 37
- Sonnet 38
- Sonnet 39
- Sonnet 40
- Sonnet 41
- Sonnet 42
- Sonnet 43
- Sonnet 44
- Sonnet 45
- Sonnet 46
- Sonnet 47
- Sonnet 48
- Sonnet 49
- Sonnet 50
- Sonnet 51
- Sonnet 52
- Sonnet 53
- Sonnet 54
- Sonnet 55
- Sonnet 56
- Sonnet 57
- Sonnet 58
- Sonnet 59
- Sonnet 60
- Sonnet 61
- Sonnet 62
- Sonnet 63
- Sonnet 64
- Sonnet 65
- Sonnet 66
- Sonnet 67
- Sonnet 68
- Sonnet 69
- Sonnet 70
- Sonnet 71
- Sonnet 72
- Sonnet 73
- Sonnet 74
- Sonnet 75
- Sonnet 76
- Sonnet 77
- Sonnet 78
- Sonnet 79
- Sonnet 80
- Sonnet 81
- Sonnet 82
- Sonnet 83
- Sonnet 84
- Sonnet 85
- Sonnet 86
- Sonnet 87
- Sonnet 88
- Sonnet 89
- Sonnet 90
- Sonnet 91
- Sonnet 92
- Sonnet 93
- Sonnet 94
- Sonnet 95
- Sonnet 96
- Sonnet 97
- Sonnet 98
- Sonnet 99
- Sonnet 100
- Sonnet 101
- Sonnet 102
- Sonnet 103
- Sonnet 104
- Sonnet 105
- Sonnet 106
- Sonnet 107
- Sonnet 108
- Sonnet 109
- Sonnet 110
- Sonnet 111
- Sonnet 112
- Sonnet 113
- Sonnet 114
- Sonnet 115
- Sonnet 116
- Sonnet 117
- Sonnet 118
- Sonnet 119
- Sonnet 120
- Sonnet 121
- Sonnet 122
- Sonnet 123
- Sonnet 124
- Sonnet 125
- Sonnet 126
- Sonnet 127
- Sonnet 128
- Sonnet 129
- Sonnet 130
- Sonnet 131
- Sonnet 132
- Sonnet 133
- Sonnet 134
- Sonnet 135
- Sonnet 136
- Sonnet 137
- Sonnet 138
- Sonnet 139
- Sonnet 140
- Sonnet 141
- Sonnet 142
- Sonnet 143
- Sonnet 144
- Sonnet 145
- Sonnet 146
- Sonnet 147
- Sonnet 148
- Sonnet 149
- Sonnet 150
- Sonnet 151
- Sonnet 152
- Sonnet 153
- Sonnet 154
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